First, I don't think history should make anyone root against Holland on Sunday. Dutch Exploration and ColonizationOverviewIn the sixteenth century the United Provinces of the Netherlands rose from the status of a Spanish possession to a great European power. The British occupied the Cape in 1795, ending the Dutch East India Company’s role in the region. British colonial rule was often just as brutal towards native Africans as the Dutch had been, especially in military conflicts. However, if you'd asked somebody this question in the 17th century, they would have placed the Netherlands at the top of the list. 1795 - The British occupy the Cape Colony after the Battle of Muizenberg. Rand Daily Mail (1902-1985) A daily newspaper which covered important happenings in South Africa. Susan Enneking Apartheid South Africa 1948-198 0 Edited primary resources on the Apartheid Era- Includes some report literature. In 1886, gold was Between 1899 and 1902, Britain and the Dutch … Dutch ships carried goods throughout the world for virtually every European nation, Dutch merchants and bankers made Amsterdam the economic center of Europe, and the Dutch navy was a power to be reckoned with. During this first period of British rule, South-East Africa became the main source of slaves. In 1910, the autonomous Union of South Africa was established by the British. At the end of the 15th Century the Portuguese sailed past the Cape of Good Hope. Unfortunately, we are all equal, too, in our need to be better than our brothers. de Jong. The shipwreck victims built a small fort named “Sand Fort of the Cape of Good Hope”. The British attempted to force the Boers to change their way of life. The constitution sent to Parliament (and there approved) establishing modern South Africa in 1910 enshrined racial distinctions, and paved the way for white rule in governments predominated by Afrikaner leaders. About 200 AD people mixed farming (growing crops as well as raising livestock) and iron tools were introduced into the east of South Africa. South Africa's interior consists of a hodgepodge of British colonies and protectorates, Boer republics, and tribal nations until the discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold the following decade. 1910: 'Union' of South Africa In 1795, England took control of the colony for the first time, a move made permanent in 1806. Those laws persisted through the 20th century as South Africa became a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. The Khoi traded with the Dutch, providing cattle for fresh meat. Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia . The Dutch built the Castle of Good Hope and completed it in 1679. To protect the developing economy there, Cape wines were given preferential access to the British market until the mid-1820s. A large group of British settlers arrived in 1820; this, together with a high European birth rate and wasteful land usage, produced an acute land shortage, which was alleviated only when the British acquired more land through massive military intervention against Africans on the eastern frontier. The Suez Canal did not exist at that time so the only way to India by ship was around the Cape. This is not to say that the trekkers lived luxuriously, in the style of 19th-century plantation owners in the American South—indeed, they were almost all simply eking out a subsistence existence. Also, because of the war that was going on in Europe there was a lot of demand for the agricultural products of South Africa. This, unlike the Dutch settlement in 1652, was not permanent. Apartheid South Africa 1948-198 0 Edited primary resources on the Apartheid Era- Includes some report literature. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The island was named after the Dutch island of Goeree. For 150 years, the Dutch were the predominant foreign influence in South Africa. They brought a lot of order through their administration. After Britain began appointing colonial governors, an advisory council for the governor was established in 1825, which was upgraded to a legislative council in 1834 with a few … 19th Century British Library Newspapers Contains full runs of 48 newspapers specially selected by the British Library. It was common practice among the trekkers to kill all adults in conflicts with hunter-gatherers and other natives, while keeping the children to use as laborers. Government beyond the Cape Town region was extremely limited, and the trekkers in effect made their own laws, particularly in dealing with native Africans. Archives South Africa GG Archives; 1820 British Settlers in South Africa Geni.com; Ships Passenger Lists Olive Tree Genealogy. Periodic warfare with the Xhosa was a fact of life in the late 18th century, and the trekkers believed they received inadequate support from Cape Town. It took South Africa centuries to really move beyond the racial legacies of colonization, but the Dutch pride is a permanent part of their heritage. The original European settlers in 1652 spoke Dutch, which eventually evolved into Afrikaans, but in 1822 the British gained control and proclaimed English as the language of the schools, churches and government. If the earth lasts long enough, I'm sure we will see that those of African decent (in fact, those of every decent) are statistically equal to those of European decent in all aspects. 1850-1890 Passengers arriving in South African Ports- by the The Genealogical Society of South Africa David H. Gough *This article appears as the Introduction to the Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles. In addition to diamonds and gold, the country also contains reserves of iron ore, platinum, manganese, chromium, copper, uranium, silver, beryllium, and titanium. Hoping to escape British rule, thousands of Dutch families (Boers) migrate further north and east. The Dutch were the first Europeans to establish a colony in South Africa. The building blocks of this identity were a new and distinct language (Afrikaans) and much myth-making regarding the exploits of the trekkers. It included Transvaal, the Orange Free State, the Cape of Good Hope, and Natal as provinces. Indeed, more recently Holland was a major center of anti-apartheid activism, beginning in the mid-1950s; some of this history is detailed here. As Thompson puts it, the aim was to "recreate the social and economic structure of the Cape colony," one based on the subordination of nonwhites as laborers for whites. Bibliography: "SouthAfrica.info." ... Jun 2013 6,445 USA Jul 8, 2015 #1 What if the British never kept South Africa and it remained Dutch? South African Language: ENGLISH. Today, when most people are asked to list the most powerful European empires, they're likely to respond first with Britain, France, or Spain. The Dutch settlement history in South Africa began in March 1647 with the shipwreck of the Dutch ship Nieuwe Haarlem. Citation Information In addition to diamonds and gold, the country also contains reserves of iron ore, platinum, manganese, chromium, copper, uranium, silver, beryllium, and titanium. When Great Britain went to war with France in 1793, both countries tried to capture the Cape so as to control the important sea route to the East. A chronology of key events in the history of South Africa from 4th-century migrations to the present day. The Afrikaners succeeded in this aim. Such as Mining industry and the gold industry. Central among those exploits were brutal battles with the Zulus and other groups, such as an 1838 battle that killed 3,000 Zulus in a single day. Most Europeans still regarded the settlement as a pit stop. Colony administrators and a few wealthy farmers controlled land and resources, but many other white settlers were landless. What if the British never kept South Africa and it remained Dutch? Then about 2,000 years ago people in the west learned to herd sheep and cattle. The British angered the Afrikaners by freeing their enslaved people. This was the beginning of the pass laws that would become so notorious in the 20th century. In South Africa under Dutch settlement, there was a shortage of labour, especially on the wheat and wine farms. WeisSaul. First, this history matters for its own sake—forgetting history is rarely a good idea. So sad that anyone in the world now or 300 years ago placed value on the color of a person's skin. Suffice it to say that while the British succeeded in their aims of establishing unitary rule through southern Africa, they did not come close to succeeding in the stated goal of destroying Afrkaner nationalism—indeed, the war strengthened Afrikaner ethnic identity. Second, the point is not to condemn the present Dutch nation for the sins of the past, as if these were unique world historical events. Nor could the VOC use the Khoi people as slaves. It all started on 6 April 1652, when the Dutch seafarer Jan van Riebeeck arrived in Table Bay with his three ships. 17 Nov. 2016. Resentment against English rule led some colonists of Dutch descent to embark on the "Great Trek" of the 1820s and 30s—a sustained effort, much larger in scale than the 18th-century trek, to achieve both white control over African land and autonomy from the English. In 1652 the Dutch began anchoring their ships in a bay near the southern tip of Africa, halfway on their voyages to India, to replenish their supply of drinking water and meat. 3.When South Africa was imperialized by Great Britian most of South Africa' s resources, land, and industries were controlled by Great Britian. false mineral. Sources: Leonard Thompson, A History of South Africa (Yale, 2001); Nigel Worden, The Making of Modern South Africa (Blackwell, 2007). The colonial history of South Africa began with 9 employees of the VOC establishing themselves below the slopes of Table Mountain in 1657. Until the 1840s the British vision of the colony did not include African citizens (referred to pejoratively by the British as “Kaffirs”), so, as Africans lost their land, they were expelled across the Great Fish River, the unilaterally proclaimed eastern border of the colony. Anglo-Boer commandos provided another source of African labour by illegally capturing San women and children (many of the men were killed) as well as Africans from across the eastern frontier. However, a republican movement led by J. Empires in Africa Britain's South Africa The British and Dutch in South Africa Sami, Katie, and Courtney The Industrial Revolution South Africa was an agricultural society prior to the British colonization. After Britain began appointing colonial governors, an advisory council for the governor was established in 1825, which was upgraded to a legislative council in 1834 with a few “unofficial” settler representatives. A Short History of South Africa. The British wanted to control South Africa because it was one of the trade routes to India. English settlers in substantial numbers first entered South African in 1820s as part of a government program to relieve poverty at home. Academic historians commonly refer to the events of the 17th century and 18th century in South Africa as the “white invasion” or “conquest.” The first violent conflicts between the Dutch community and natives dates from 1659; over the next 50 years, the settlers took advantage of superior weaponry to gradually gain control of more land and more resources (livestock) formerly controlled or occupied by native Africans. But the VOC did not want to spend its money on the expensive wages that European labourers demanded. The British colonial secretary, Lord Glenelg, who disapproved of D’Urban’s policy, halted the seizure of all African land east of the Great Kei. The economy of the country grew even more. Griqua raiding states led by Andries Waterboer, Adam Kok, and Barend Barends captured more Africans from among people such as the Hurutshe, Rolong, and Kwena. Finally they were rescued by a fleet of 12 ships under the command of W.G. ... Resources. Territory is returned to the Dutch in 1803; ceded to the British in 1806. South Africa - South Africa - Resources and power: South Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. Native Africans were recruited to work in the mines at low pay, segregated from whites and separated from women, and subjected to body parts searches to prevent any theft of diamonds. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Although the British relinquished the colony to the Dutch in the Treaty of Amiens (1802), they reannexed it in 1806 after the start of the Napoleonic Wars. Various Rharhabe-Xhosa groups were driven from their lands throughout the early 1830s. The colonial history of South Africa began with 9 employees of the VOC establishing themselves below the slopes of Table Mountain in 1657. A devastating small pox outbreak in the late 17th century further decimated the Khoikhoi ("Hottentot") native population. The Dutch in South Africa, to 1774. Menu. South Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. BBC Homepage. Ad Honorem. In 1795, the Cape Colony became a British colony, before it was returned to the Dutch in 1802. Because an insufficient labour force still existed, Anglo-Boer armies (supported by Khoe, Tembu, Gcaleka, and Mpondo auxiliaries) acquired their own workers by attacking the Ngwane east of the Great Kei at Mbolompo in August 1828. But the VOC did not want to spend its money on the expensive wages that European labourers demanded. It all started on 6 April 1652, when the Dutch seafarer Jan van Riebeeck arrived in Table Bay with his three ships. In South Africa there was a complex mix of peoples - British, Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers from the 1600s) and native African peoples like the Xhosa, the Zulu and the Matabele. A history of oppression may help to quell this attitude, but it may be the base of the problem. Indeed, though Britain abolished its slave trade in 1807 and pressured other countries to do the same, the British in Southern Africa continued to import some slaves into the Cape after that date, but in numbers insufficient to alleviate the labour problem. Cape authorities overhauled their policy in 1828 in order to facilitate labour distribution and to align the region with the growing imperial antislavery ethos. Register. 19th Century British Library Newspapers Contains full runs of 48 newspapers specially selected by the British Library. Mar 2012 2,836 New Amsterdam Ordinance 49 permitted Black labourers from east of the Keiskamma to go into the colony for work if they possessed the proper contracts and passes, which were issued by soldiers and missionaries. The conflict and rivalry between English - and Afrikaans-speakers goes to the heart of the history of white South Africa. The formal abolition of slavery took place in 1834–38, and control of African labourers became stricter through the Masters and Servants Ordinance (1841), which imposed criminal penalties for breach of contract and desertion of the workplace and increased the legal powers of settler employers. The British had chronic difficulties procuring enough labour to build towns and develop new farms. The Dutch then set about systematically attacking and undermining Portuguese forts in West Africa and across the Atlantic in Brazil in a sustained campaign that went on for decades. South African Settlers British who emigrated to South Africa. They stayed for nearly one year at the Cape. A ban in 1809 on Africans crossing into the Cape aggravated the labour shortage, and so the British, like the Dutch before them, made the Khoe serfs through the Caledon (1809) and Cradock (1812) codes. Instead, I want to suggest three things. Menu What if the Dutch Kept South Africa? You've helped me understand a bit more. Merino sheep were introduced, and intensive sheep farming was initiated in order to supply wool to British textile mills. Afrikaans language, West Germanic language of South Africa, developed from 17th-century Dutch, sometimes called Netherlandic, by the descendants of European (Dutch, German, and French) colonists, indigenous Khoisan peoples, and African and Asian slaves in the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1867, diamonds were found in the town of Kimberley. This empire would eventually spread around th… There is so much that we don't have because of our need to raise "rank". The British took over the island in 1664. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Diamonds, gold, and imperialist intervention (1870–1902), Afrikaner and African politics in the Cape, Reconstruction, union, and segregation (1902–29), Black, Coloured, and Indian political responses, The intensification of apartheid in the 1930s, Corruption charges against deputy president Zuma, Economic problems, social discontent, Nkandla scandal, and the death of Mandela, Controversy: the Gupta family, Nkandla, and corruption charges revisited. Rand Daily Mail (1902-1985) A daily newspaper which covered important happenings in South Africa. The key point is there is direct historic continuity between the original Dutch settlements and the emergence of an Afrikaner national identity predicated on racial domination, and the subsequent adoption of the policies and ideologies of Apartheid. B. M Hertzog was gathering support in South Africa. An attack by the Rharhabe-Xhosa on Graham’s Town (Grahamstown) in 1819 provided the pretext for the annexation of more African territory, to the Keiskamma River. Brand South Africa, n.d. 136,000 South African troops fought in the Middle East and on the Western Front. We can't do this without you. 1497 - Vasco da Gama rounds the tip of South Africa on his way to India. British colonial rule was often just as brutal towards native Africans as the Dutch had been, especially in military conflicts. The Great Trek . In the South African context, English has been both a highly influential language, and a language influenced, in different ways and to different degrees, by processes of adaptation within the country's various communities. They counterattacked in December 1834, and Governor Benjamin D’Urban ordered a major invasion the following year, during which thousands of Rharhabe-Xhosa died. The history of almost all powerful nations contain major crimes and injustices (including of course the United States). Web. European farmers also raided for labour north of the Orange River. Support fearless independent local journalism. This was the strata from which the first “trekkers” emerged—those white colonialists who over the course of the 18th century branched out from the Cape Town base and began expanding white presence in southern Africa, to the north and the east. 3.When South Africa was imperialized by Great Britian most of South Africa' s resources, land, and industries were controlled by Great Britian. Thompson and other historians judge slavery in the Cape in this period to be more brutal than that prevailing in North America at the time. The Boer government was eventually forced into a … The colonization of South Africa took place in the early 1800s by the British. more than 1 year ago, © 2020 Indy Week • 320 E. Chapel Hill St., Suite 200, Durham, NC 27701 • phone 919-286-1972 • fax 919-286-4274, A short history of the Dutch in South Africa, 1652-2010. The British crossed the Great Kei River and ravaged territory of the Gcaleka-Xhosa as well; the Gcaleka chief, Hintsa, invited to hold discussions with British military officials, was held hostage and died trying to escape. I learned of the Dutch involvement in South Africa through Mandela's book. Over much of the 18th century, there were no formal schools for these settlers, and little organized religion; contact with the home colony base consisted of long, arduous trade trips. They used stone tools. Holland's Dirk Kuyt, seen against Uruguay in the semifinal. The Khoi traded with the Dutch, providing cattle for fresh meat. This trend continued with the return of the Dutch who continued to buy slaves from slave traders operating in … These changes were not well-received by the Dutch-speaking colonists, who were also disappointed at Britain's refusal to annex more land and what they felt was a low rate of compensation paid to former slave owners. Almost all the resources were controlled by Britian and this helped them to build a stronger economy since they are controlling many industries. Such as Mining industry and the gold industry. South Africa - South Africa - Diamonds, gold, and imperialist intervention (1870–1902): South Africa experienced a transformation between 1870, when the diamond rush to Kimberley began, and 1902, when the South African War ended. D’Urban’s initial attempt to rule conquered Africans with European magistrates and soldiers was overturned by Glenelg; instead, for a time, Africans east of the Keiskamma retained their autonomy and dealt with the colony through diplomatic agents. The infrastructure of the colony began to change: English replaced Dutch as the language of administration; the British pound sterling replaced the Dutch rix-dollar; and newspaper publishing began in Cape Town in 1824. belgian settlers in south africa were known as boers. Let me specify two ways I don't think it matters. the Dutch in the south of the continent. In this process, the trekkers began forging a new, distinct national and cultural identity, distinct from the Dutch and in opposition both to indigenous Africans and the English—Afrikaner nationalism. The British occupied South Africa from 1795 to 1803. The first step in this process included attacks in 1811–12 by the British army on the Xhosa groups, the Gqunukhwebe and Ndlambe. Stronger economy since they are controlling many industries Table Mountain in 1657 colony in South Africa to. Agricultural resources the first Europeans to establish a colony in South Africa were known as Boers blown! 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